The Formation of Turkish RepublicanismTurkish republicanism is commonly thought to have originated with Mustafa Kemal Atatrk and the founding of modern Turkey in 1923, and is understood exclusively in terms of Kemalist ideals characterised by the principles of secularism, nationalism, statism, and populism. Banu Turnaolu challenges this view, showing how Turkish republicanism represents the outcome of centuries of intellectual dispute in Turkey over Islamic and liberal conceptions of