Lifted: A Cultural History of the ElevatorBefore skyscrapers forever transformed the landscape of the modern metropolis, the conveyance that made them possible had to be created. Invented in New York in the 1850s, the elevator became an urban fact of life on both sides of the Atlantic by the early twentieth century. While it may at first glance seem a modest innovation, it had wide ranging effects, from fundamentally restructuring building design to reinforcing social class hierarchies by